Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, also known as obstetric cholestasis, is a liver condition that affects women during pregnancy. It is a rare condition, occurring in about 1 in every 1,000 pregnancies. The frequency of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy varies among different populations, suggesting a possible genetic component.

The exact causes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy are not fully understood. However, several genes have been identified that are associated with the condition. One of these genes is ABCB4, which codes for a protein involved in the export of bile acids from liver cells. Mutations in the ABCB4 gene can lead to impaired bile acid transport and elevated levels of bile acids in the blood, resulting in the symptoms of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy often experience itching, especially on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This itchiness can be severe and can negatively impact the quality of life for affected women. In addition to the itchiness, other symptoms may include elevated liver enzymes, altered liver function, and impaired bile flow.

Diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is typically based on the presence of symptoms and elevated levels of bile acids in the blood. Additional testing and evaluation may be done to rule out other liver diseases and to determine the best course of treatment. There are currently no specific treatments for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, but certain medications and lifestyle changes may help manage the symptoms.

Research and scientific studies are ongoing to further understand the causes and mechanisms of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Genetic testing and counseling may be available for individuals and families affected by the condition. Support and advocacy organizations, such as the Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy Research Center, provide resources and information for patients and their families. Further research and clinical trials are needed to develop more effective treatments and improve outcomes for women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Frequency

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a rare condition that affects approximately 1-2% of pregnancies in certain populations. It is more common in certain populations, such as women of Indian or Pakistani descent. The frequency of ICP varies depending on the population being studied and the diagnostic criteria used.

Denied health insurance claims are a major problem for patients in America. The Kaiser Family Foundation found that ACA marketplace plans denied about 17% of in-network claims in 2019.

ICP is characterized by impaired bile acid transport, leading to elevated levels of bile acids in the bloodstream. The exact causes of ICP are not fully understood, but both genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Mutations in genes such as ABCB4 have been associated with ICP, suggesting a genetic component to the condition. Additionally, hormonal changes during pregnancy may alter the function of bile acid transport proteins, further contributing to the development of ICP.

ICP can cause a range of symptoms, including itchiness (pruritus), jaundice, and elevated liver enzymes. These symptoms can vary in severity and may worsen as the pregnancy progresses. In some cases, ICP can lead to complications for both the mother and the fetus. There is evidence to suggest that ICP may be associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, stillbirth, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Diagnosing ICP involves medical history and physical examination, as well as blood tests to measure bile acid levels and liver function. Additional testing, such as liver imaging or genetic testing, may be recommended in some cases to further evaluate the condition.

Treatment for ICP involves managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include medications to alleviate itching, such as antihistamines or bile acid binding agents, and close monitoring of liver function and fetal well-being. Delivery may be recommended before the due date in some cases to reduce the risk of complications.

Ongoing research is being conducted to better understand the underlying causes of ICP and to improve outcomes for affected women and their babies. ClinicalTrials.gov lists various studies related to ICP that are currently underway. Scientific articles on ICP can be found on PubMed and other scientific research databases. OMIM is a valuable resource for information about the genes associated with ICP. The American Pregnancy Association provides information and support for women with ICP, and the Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP) Support Center offers advocacy and resources for patients and their families.

References:

• Müllenbach R, et al. ABCB4 gene sequence variation in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. J Med Genet. 2003;40(2):e70. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.2.e70.
• Williamson C. Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: An Estrogen-Related Disease. Semin Liver Dis. 2016;36(2):94-101. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1583202.
• Gupta SD, et al. Association of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Interacting Protein (AIP) Gene Polymorphism with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2020;49(7):101785. doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101785.

Causes

The exact causes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) are not fully understood. However, several factors have been identified that may contribute to the development of this condition.

ICP is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and hormonal factors. It has been observed to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. Studies have identified several genes, such as ABCB4, that may be associated with the development of ICP.

In addition to genetic factors, hormonal changes during pregnancy may also play a role in the development of ICP. Elevated levels of certain hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, have been linked to the condition. These hormonal changes can impair the function of the bile pump in the liver, leading to a buildup of toxic bile acids in the bloodstream.

ICP is also more common in certain populations, such as women of South Asian, Scandinavian, and Chilean descent. However, the condition can occur in women of any ethnic background.

While the exact causes of ICP are not fully understood, there are resources available for further research and information. PubMed, OMIM, and ClinicalTrials.gov provide scientific articles, studies, and clinical trials related to ICP. These resources can provide additional information on the causes and genetic factors associated with the condition.

Learn more about the genes associated with Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a condition that affects pregnant women, causing itchiness and elevated levels of bile acids in the blood. While the exact causes of ICP are still unknown, research has identified several genes that may be associated with the condition.

One of the genes associated with ICP is ABCB4. This gene encodes a protein that acts as a pump to export bile acids out of liver cells. Mutations in ABCB4 can lead to a decrease in the export of bile acids, causing them to accumulate in the liver and contribute to the development of ICP.

Copy number testing has shown that some patients with ICP have an altered number of copies of ABCB4, suggesting that changes in the gene’s copy number may play a role in the development of the condition. This information provides further support for the involvement of ABCB4 in ICP.

Additional genes have also been implicated in the development of ICP. Studies have shown that variations in genes such as ATP8B1, ABCB11, NR1H4, and others may be associated with an increased risk of developing the condition. These genes are involved in the regulation of bile acid synthesis, transport, and metabolism.

For more information about the genes associated with ICP, there are several resources available. The PubMed database contains scientific articles and studies on the topic. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog provides information about the inheritance patterns and names of genes associated with ICP. ClinicalTrials.gov lists ongoing research and clinical trials related to ICP, which may offer additional insights into the condition.

In addition to these resources, there are advocacy and support organizations that can provide further information and support for women with ICP. These organizations often have additional resources and can help connect patients with clinical trials or research studies.

Although more research is needed to fully understand the role of genes in the development of ICP, the identification of these genes provides a better understanding of the condition and may lead to improved outcomes for affected women.

Inheritance

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a rare condition that affects pregnant women. It is a genetic disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Several genes have been associated with the development of ICP, including ABCB4. Mutations in the ABCB4 gene can lead to impaired bile export from the liver, causing elevated levels of toxic bile acids in the bloodstream.

The inheritance pattern of ICP means that both copies of the ABCB4 gene must be altered for the condition to develop. If a person inherits one altered copy of the gene from one parent and one normal copy from the other parent, they will be a carrier of the condition but will not have symptoms. However, if both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance with each pregnancy that the child will inherit two altered copies of the gene and develop ICP.

ICP can also occur sporadically, without a family history of the condition. In these cases, it is believed that other genes or environmental factors may be involved.

Research on the inheritance and genetic causes of ICP is ongoing. Studies have identified other genes that may be associated with the condition, but more research is needed to fully understand their role. Genetic testing can be used to confirm a diagnosis of ICP and to provide further information about the specific genetic alterations present in a patient.

For women who have a family history of ICP or have previously had the condition, genetic counseling may be recommended. This can help individuals understand their risk of passing the condition on to their children and make informed decisions about family planning.

There is limited scientific information about the frequency of ICP in different populations. However, it is believed to occur more commonly in certain populations, such as those of Scandinavian or Chilean descent.

Support and advocacy groups can provide additional resources and information about ICP. Online resources such as OMIM and PubMed can help individuals find articles and clinical trials related to the condition.

Resources

Organization	Website
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP) Support	https://www.icpsupport.org/
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy Information Center	https://www.icpcare.org/
ClinicalTrials.gov	https://clinicaltrials.gov/
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)	https://rarediseases.org/

References:

• Gynecol and Obstet Invest. 2005;60(2):92-6.
• PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12347.
• J Hepatol. 2015 Oct;63(4):898-906.
• Lancet. 2014;383(9921):887-94.

Other Names for This Condition

Other names for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy include:

• Toxic liver disease of pregnancy
• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 1
• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 2
• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 3

These names refer to the same condition, which is characterized by impaired liver function during pregnancy and the resulting symptoms of itchiness and elevated levels of bile acids in the blood.

Research has shown that the condition is associated with genetic factors, with several genes having been identified as potentially involved. One such gene is the ABCB4 gene, which codes for a protein pump involved in the export of bile from liver cells. Mutations in this gene can lead to impaired bile flow and the symptoms of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Further research is needed to fully understand the genetic causes of this condition and the specific circumstances under which it is inherited. However, studies have shown that the frequency of the condition is higher in certain populations, suggesting a genetic component.

Additional information about intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy can be found on the websites of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) and the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database. These resources provide access to scientific articles, clinical trial information, and other research on the condition.

For women experiencing symptoms or seeking support, advocacy organizations such as the International Itchiness of Pregnancy Support Network can provide additional information and resources.

References:

1. OMIM catalog of human genes and genetic disorders – Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
2. PubMed research articles on Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
3. ClinicalTrials.gov provides information on clinical trials studying this condition

Additional Information Resources

For additional information on Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy, the following resources can be helpful:

• Inheritance: Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy can be inherited in an autosomal recessive or dominant manner.
• Causes: The condition is caused by genetic variations in certain genes, such as ABCB4, which leads to impaired bile acid transport.
• Advocacy: Advocacy organizations like the Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy International (ICP Care) provide support and resources for patients and their families.
• Frequency: Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy is a rare condition, occurring in about 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 10,000 pregnancies.
• Genes: Several genes have been associated with the development of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy, including ABCB4. Research on these genes and their altered function in the condition is ongoing.
• Studies and Research: The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database provides names of associated genes, articles, and other scientific resources for further research.
• Diagnosis: Testing for the genetic causes of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy can be done through specialized genetic testing centers.
• Symptoms: Common symptoms of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy include severe itchiness and elevated levels of bile acids.
• Outcomes: Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy can lead to adverse fetal outcomes if not properly managed during pregnancy.
• Additional Resources: Further information on Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy can be found from reputable sources such as PubMed, clinicaltrialsgov, and patient support organizations.

Genetic Testing Information

Genetic testing is an important tool for diagnosing and understanding the causes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). It can provide valuable information about the specific genes and genetic alterations that may be responsible for this condition.

ICP is a rare condition that affects pregnant women, causing itching and elevated levels of bile acids in the blood. It is thought to be caused by impaired liver function and affects approximately 1-2% of pregnancies, although the frequency can vary in different populations.

Scientific research has identified several genes that are associated with ICP, including ABCB4, ABCB11, and ATP8B1. These genes encode proteins involved in the transport of bile acids, and alterations in their function can lead to the accumulation of toxic bile acids in the liver, causing the symptoms of ICP.

Genetic testing for ICP can involve a variety of approaches, including sequencing the entire gene or targeted sequencing of specific regions known to be associated with the condition. This testing can be done on a blood or saliva sample, and the results can help determine the specific genetic variant or variants that may be contributing to the patient’s symptoms.

Inheritance patterns for ICP can vary depending on the gene involved. Some genes have an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, meaning that both copies of the gene must be altered for the condition to occur. Other genes may have a dominant inheritance pattern, where only one altered copy of the gene is needed.

Genetic testing for ICP can have several important outcomes. It can confirm the diagnosis of ICP, helping to distinguish this condition from other causes of itching during pregnancy. It can assist with genetic counseling, providing information about the likelihood of passing the condition on to future children. And it can help guide treatment decisions, as some genetic alterations may respond differently to certain medications or interventions.

For patients and families affected by ICP, genetic testing can also provide additional support and resources. Advocacy groups and patient support organizations can offer information and assistance, and genetic counselors or medical geneticists can provide guidance and education.

Further research is ongoing to better understand the genetic basis of ICP and to improve the accuracy and availability of genetic testing. ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed are valuable resources for finding more information about ongoing research studies and scientific articles on the topic.

In summary, genetic testing provides crucial information about the genes and genetic alterations associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. It can help diagnose the condition, inform treatment decisions, and provide valuable support resources for patients and families affected by this rare condition.

References:

1. Geenes V, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(17):2049-2066.
2. Stinton LM, et al. ABCB4 gene sequence variation in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. J Med Genet. 2011;48(7):424-829. doi:10.1136/jmg.2010.086639.
3. OMIM. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Available from: https://www.omim.org/entry/1 47400#0006. Accessed March 25, 2022.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center is a center that provides information and support for patients with genetic and rare diseases. It is a reliable and authoritative source for information about various rare conditions, including intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is a genetic condition that affects women during pregnancy. It causes elevated levels of bile acids in the bloodstream, leading to symptoms such as itchiness. This condition is associated with impaired functioning of the ABCB4 pump, which is responsible for the export of bile acids from the liver.

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center offers a number of resources for further learning and research on intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy:

• A catalog of articles and studies related to the condition, including scientific research and clinical trials (clinicaltrials.gov, PubMed).
• Information on the genetic causes of the condition and associated genes, such as ABCB4.
• References to other resources and support, including advocacy organizations and patient support groups.
• Information on the symptoms and outcomes of the condition, including potential complications for both the mother and the fetus.
• Testing options and recommendations for diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

By making this information more accessible, the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center aims to support patients and their families in understanding and managing this rare condition. It is an invaluable resource for healthcare providers, researchers, and individuals looking to learn more about intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and other genetic and rare diseases.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a rare condition that affects women during pregnancy. It is characterized by altered liver function, leading to elevated levels of bile acids in the blood. The condition can cause severe itching and other symptoms, and may have adverse outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, it is important to seek support and information. There are various resources available that can provide valuable assistance and advocacy for patients and their families.

Support Organizations and Websites

• ICP Care: ICP Care is a patient advocacy organization dedicated to providing support, education, and resources to women and families affected by intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Their website offers a wealth of information on the condition and provides access to a supportive community of individuals facing similar challenges. Visit their website at https://www.icpcare.org/.
• Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center: This website, provided by the National Institutes of Health, offers information on various genetic and rare diseases, including intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. It provides an overview of the condition, information on its genetic causes, and links to additional resources. Visit their website at https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/.
• OMIM: OMIM is a comprehensive catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. It provides detailed information on the genetic basis of various diseases, including intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Visit their website at https://omim.org/.

Scientific Research and Articles

If you are interested in learning more about the scientific research and findings related to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, the following resources can provide valuable information:

• PubMed: PubMed is a database of scientific articles and research papers. Searching for keywords such as “intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy” or specific genes associated with the condition (e.g., ABCB4) can provide you with a list of relevant articles. Visit their website at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.
• American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology: This medical journal publishes research articles on various topics related to obstetrics and gynecology. Searching their database for articles on intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy can provide you with additional scientific information. Visit their website at https://www.ajog.org/.

Clinical Trials and Studies

Participating in clinical trials or studies can provide valuable insights into current treatment options and potential advancements in the management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. The following resources can help you find relevant clinical trials or studies:

• ClinicalTrials.gov: ClinicalTrials.gov is a database of ongoing clinical trials and studies. Searching for keywords such as “intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy” or specific genes associated with the condition (e.g., ABCB4) can help you find current research opportunities. Visit their website at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/.

Remember, it is important to consult with healthcare professionals and genetic counselors regarding testing, diagnosis, and treatment options for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. The resources mentioned above can provide additional support and information, but should not replace the advice of medical professionals.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

Research studies from ClinicalTrials.gov provide additional information and support for the study of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. ClinicalTrials.gov is a resource that catalogs clinical research studies conducted in various populations and provides information about their outcomes and findings.

Studies listed on ClinicalTrials.gov can be a valuable source of information about the causes, genetic factors, and clinical management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. They can also provide insights into the frequency, inheritance patterns, and associated outcomes of this condition.

Some of the studies on ClinicalTrials.gov focus on testing different genes and their altered functioning in this condition. The OMIM database is often used to learn more about the genes implicated in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, as well as other related diseases.

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with elevated levels of bile acids in the bloodstream. Studies listed on ClinicalTrials.gov may explore the testing of different genetic variants, the impairment of bile acid export pump function, and the altered metabolism of bile acids in affected women during pregnancy.

Research studies listed on ClinicalTrials.gov provide further support for understanding the condition, making diagnoses, and developing treatment options. The information derived from these studies can be used in clinical practice to provide better care for patients suffering from intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Advocacy organizations and patient support groups also often reference research studies on ClinicalTrials.gov to provide information and resources to affected individuals and their families. These studies contribute to the knowledge base on this condition and help advocate for further research and support.

References to research articles and relevant information can also be found on ClinicalTrials.gov, linking to PubMed, a database of published scientific studies. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research on intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and its related topics.

In conclusion, research studies from ClinicalTrials.gov offer valuable insights into the causes, genetic factors, clinical management, and outcomes associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. They serve as a comprehensive resource for clinicians, researchers, and advocacy organizations, providing a better understanding of this condition and supporting the development of effective interventions.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

OMIM, or Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, is a comprehensive catalog of genes and diseases. It provides information about various genetic conditions and the genes associated with them.

One such condition is intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), a rare disorder that affects pregnant women. ICP is characterized by elevated levels of bile acids, which causes itchiness and other problems. The condition is caused by impaired function of the ABCB4 gene, which encodes a pump that helps transport bile acids out of the liver. Mutations in this gene can lead to toxic build-up of bile acids in the liver, causing the symptoms of ICP.

The catalog provides additional information on inheritance patterns, clinical presentation, and outcomes of ICP. It includes references to scientific articles, clinical trials, and advocacy resources for further support and research. The catalog also lists other genes that may be associated with ICP and provides resources for genetic testing and counseling.

Further research is needed to understand the frequency and causes of ICP in different populations. The catalog serves as a valuable resource for scientists, healthcare providers, and patient advocacy groups in making informed decisions about research and patient care.

Genes Associated with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy

1. ABCB4: Mutations in this gene are associated with impaired function of the bile acid pump, leading to toxic build-up of bile acids in the liver.

2. Other genes: Additional genes may also be involved in the development of ICP. Further studies are needed to understand their role and contribution to the condition.

References

• Advocacy resources: [link to advocacy resources]
• ClinicalTrials.gov: [link to relevant clinical trials]
• PubMed: [list of relevant scientific articles]
• OMIM: [link to resources on ICP and related conditions]

Scientific Articles on PubMed

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a condition that affects pregnant women, characterized by intense itchiness due to impaired bile flow. Testing for this condition is recommended in populations of patients with severe pruritus (itchiness) and elevated bile acids. This testing can be done through various methods, including genetic testing for the ABCB4 gene mutation.

Research has shown that ICP can be associated with other diseases and problems during pregnancy. Studies conducted on women with ICP have found associations with altered hormone levels, toxic exposures, and genetic factors. Some studies have also suggested a possible association between ICP and liver diseases such as hepatitis C.

ClinicalTrials.gov is a valuable resource for finding information about ongoing and completed clinical trials related to ICP. This research catalog provides information on clinical trials studying the causes, frequency, and outcomes of ICP. It also provides resources for learning more about the condition, including articles and references.

One study listed on ClinicalTrials.gov aims to investigate the association between ICP and genetic factors. The study will focus on the ABCB4 gene and its potential role in ICP. The study will also explore the inheritance patterns of ICP and whether other genes are involved in its development.

In addition to genetic factors, other causes of ICP include hormonal changes during pregnancy and the impaired function of bile acid transporters. Elevated bile acid levels are a hallmark of ICP and can lead to liver dysfunction and other complications.

Scientific articles available on PubMed provide further information on the condition, its causes, and potential treatments. These articles can be accessed by searching for keywords such as “intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy” or “ICP” in the PubMed database.

Advocacy organizations and support groups for women with ICP can also provide valuable resources and information. These organizations often have websites that provide information on the condition, support networks, and educational materials.

Knowing more about ICP and its associated risks can help healthcare providers better support their patients during pregnancy. By staying informed about the latest research, healthcare professionals can provide the best possible care to women with this rare condition.

References

• Gomez-Rodriguez G, et al. Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jan;129(1):104-118.
• Rebalsky I, et al. Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: Review of the Literature. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2019 Oct 21;2019:3658284.
• Williamson C, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: aetiology, management and outcome. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov 7;14(41):6449-56.
• Kremer AE, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes associated with elevated bile acid levels. Hepatology. 2014 May;59(5):1987-97.
• Ausania F, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: recent advances. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2019;46(2):183-186.
• Lee RH, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a review of diagnosis and management. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2008 Nov;63(11):73-80.
• Chappell LC, et al. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Versus Placebo in Women with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (PITCHES): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2019 Jun 8;393(10174):899-909.
• Lammert F, et al. Genetic Factors in Disorders of Bile Acid Synthesis. J Hepatology. 2007 Oct;47(4):478-87.
• Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. OMIM. Accessed November 12, 2021. https://omim.org/entry/147480
• Cholestasis of pregnancy. American Liver Foundation. Accessed November 12, 2021. https://liverfoundation.org/for-patients/about-the-liver/diseases-of-the-liver/cholestasis/detail/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/
• Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). Accessed November 12, 2021. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/1821/intrahepatic-cholestasis-of-pregnancy
• Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy – Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis. March of Dimes. Accessed November 12, 2021. https://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/intrahepatic-cholestasis-of-pregnancy.aspx
• Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP). Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). Accessed November 12, 2021. https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/intrahepatic-cholestasis-of-pregnancy-icp/
• Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP). Mayo Clinic. Accessed November 12, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intrahepatic-cholestasis-of-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20351480
• Searching in PubMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed November 12, 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
• Find Studies. ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed November 12, 2021. https://clinicaltrials.gov/
• Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. InformedHealth.org. Accessed November 12, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279543/
• Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Accessed November 12, 2021. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/patients/patient-leaflets/intrahepatic-cholestasis-of-pregnancy/