Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, not due to alcohol consumption. It is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide, with a prevalence of up to 30 percent in the general population. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of conditions, ranging from simple steatosis (fat accumulation) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with inflammation and fibrosis. NASH is believed to progress to more severe liver damage, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, in some individuals.

NAFLD has become a significant public health concern due to its rising frequency worldwide and its association with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The exact causes of NAFLD are not fully understood, but it is thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors play a role in susceptibility to the disease, with certain genes associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD. Environmental factors such as diet, sedentary lifestyle, and insulin resistance also contribute to the development and progression of the disease.

Current research aims to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying NAFLD, as well as identify potential therapeutic targets. Scientific studies have identified specific genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis, which may be potential targets for drug development. Additional research is needed to better understand the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the development and progression of NAFLD.

It is important for patients and their healthcare providers to stay informed about the latest research and treatment options for NAFLD. Various resources, including advocacy organizations, clinical trial databases like ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed, and genetic testing options, can provide additional support and information on this condition. Understanding the genetic and environmental factors contributing to NAFLD can help healthcare providers tailor treatment plans and interventions to individual patients, with the goal of preventing disease progression and improving long-term outcomes.

Frequency

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide. It affects both adults and children and is closely associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of conditions ranging from simple steatosis, which is the accumulation of fat in the liver, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which involves inflammation and liver cell damage.

The exact frequency of NAFLD is difficult to determine as it varies depending on the population studied and the diagnostic methods used. However, it is estimated that NAFLD affects around 25% of the world’s population, with a higher prevalence in Western countries.

Even with health insurance, patients in the U. S. have a hard time affording their medical care. About one in five working-age Americans with health insurance, and more than half of those without health insurance, reported having trouble paying their medical bills in the last year, according to S. News & World Report.

Studies have shown that the prevalence of NAFLD varies based on certain factors, including age, sex, ethnicity, and underlying metabolic conditions. For example, the disease is more common in older adults and in individuals with obesity, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. It is also more prevalent in certain ethnic groups, such as Hispanics and Asians.

NAFLD can progress to more severe liver disease, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Not all individuals with NAFLD will develop these complications, but certain factors, such as NASH, obesity, and diabetes, increase the risk. It is estimated that about 10-25% of individuals with NAFLD will develop NASH, and of those, about 10-25% will progress to cirrhosis.

The exact genetic factors that contribute to the development and progression of NAFLD are still being investigated. Research has identified several genes associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD, including PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and MBOAT7. These genes may affect lipid metabolism and inflammation in the liver.

There are currently no approved medications specifically for the treatment of NAFLD, and management focuses on lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, regular exercise, and a healthy diet. However, ongoing research and clinical trials are investigating potential targeted therapies for NAFLD.

Resources for information and support

Organization/Website	Description
American Liver Foundation – Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	American Liver Foundation’s information and resources on NAFLD
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center – Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	Information on NAFLD, including resources and support for rare diseases
OMIM – Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	Catalog of human genes and genetic disorders, includes information on NAFLD genes
ClinicalTrials.gov	Database of clinical trials, search for NAFLD-related studies
PubMed	Search for scientific research articles on NAFLD

It is important for patients with NAFLD to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage the condition and minimize the risk of progression to more severe liver disease. Regular monitoring of liver function and lifestyle changes are key components of managing NAFLD.

Causes

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver that is not related to excessive alcohol consumption. The exact causes of NAFLD are not fully understood, but several factors have been identified as potential contributors to the development of the disease.

Diet and Lifestyle: Poor diet and sedentary lifestyle are major risk factors for the development of NAFLD. High-calorie, high-carbohydrate diets and lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain and obesity, which are closely associated with the development of NAFLD.

Genetic Factors: Genetic factors play a role in the development of NAFLD. Certain genetic variations have been associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD. These genetic variations may affect the metabolism of fats in the liver, leading to the accumulation of fat and the development of NAFLD.

Insulin Resistance: Insulin resistance, which is a condition characterized by the body’s inability to respond effectively to the hormone insulin, is commonly seen in individuals with NAFLD. Insulin resistance can lead to an increased production of insulin, which in turn promotes the accumulation of fat in the liver.

Inflammation: Inflammation in the liver is thought to be an important factor in the progression of NAFLD. The accumulation of fat in the liver can lead to inflammation, which can further damage liver cells and contribute to the development of more severe liver conditions, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis.

Other Risk Factors: Other risk factors for the development of NAFLD include certain medical conditions (such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome), medications, and exposure to certain toxins.

While the exact causes of NAFLD are still being studied, it is clear that a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and metabolic factors play a role in its development. Understanding these causes can help in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of NAFLD.

For more information about the causes of NAFLD, you can refer to the following resources:

• PubMed: A database of scientific articles and research studies.
• OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders.
• ClinicalTrials.gov: A database of clinical trials and research studies.
• European Association for the Study of the Liver: A center for liver disease research, advocacy, and support.
• Gastroenterology: A journal publishing articles on gastrointestinal diseases, including NAFLD.

Learn more about the gene associated with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by fatty deposits in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and fibrosis. While the exact causes of NAFLD are still being researched, it is thought to be associated with a genetic factor.

Research on the genetic basis of NAFLD has identified various genes that may be associated with the condition. These genes are thought to play a role in the development and progression of NAFLD, including non-alcoholic steatosis, steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis.

If you want to learn more about the specific genes associated with NAFLD, there are various resources you can refer to:

• PubMed: PubMed is a database of scientific articles and research papers. By searching for terms like “NAFLD genes” or “genetic basis of NAFLD,” you can find numerous studies and articles on the topic. These articles often provide in-depth information on the genes associated with NAFLD and their potential role in the development of the condition.
• OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of genetic disorders and their associated genes. Searching for “NAFLD” on OMIM can provide you with a list of genes that have been reported to be associated with the condition. Each gene entry includes information on its specific role in NAFLD and relevant references.
• ClinicalTrials.gov: ClinicalTrials.gov is a portal that provides information on ongoing clinical trials related to various medical conditions. Searching for “NAFLD genetic testing” on ClinicalTrials.gov can help you find studies that aim to investigate the genetic basis of NAFLD and develop genetic testing methods for the condition.
• European Liver Fibrosis Group: The European Liver Fibrosis Group is a research organization dedicated to studying liver fibrosis, including NAFLD-related fibrosis. Their website provides additional information on the genetic factors involved in liver fibrosis, with a focus on NAFLD-related fibrosis.

Exploring these resources can give you a deeper understanding of the specific genes associated with NAFLD and their potential impact on the development and progression of the condition. However, it is important to note that while genetic factors may contribute to NAFLD, the condition is complex and influenced by various other factors as well.

If you suspect you may have NAFLD or are concerned about your liver health, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional. They can provide an accurate diagnosis, suggest treatment options, and provide support and guidance throughout your journey with NAFLD.

Inheritance

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is thought to have a genetic component, and several genes have been associated with an increased risk of developing the condition. These genes are thought to be involved in the metabolism of fats and sugars, and their dysfunction can lead to the accumulation of fat in the liver.

One of the most well-known genes associated with NAFLD is the PNPLA3 gene. Variants of this gene have been found to be more common in people with NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more severe form of the disease characterized by inflammation and liver fibrosis.

Other genes, such as TM6SF2, GCKR, and MBOAT7, have also been associated with an increased risk of NAFLD and NASH. These genes are involved in various aspects of lipid metabolism and have been implicated in the development and progression of the disease.

In addition to these specific genes, there is evidence that NAFLD has a complex genetic basis involving multiple genes and gene-environment interactions. Genome-wide association studies have identified additional genetic variants associated with NAFLD, but the exact mechanisms by which these variants contribute to the disease are still being studied.

It’s important to note that while genetic factors play a role in the development of NAFLD, they are not the sole cause of the condition. Other factors, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and certain medications, can also contribute to the development of NAFLD.

ClinicalTrials.gov, OMIM, and PubMed are some of the resources where you can find more information about the genetic and inherited aspects of NAFLD. These portals provide access to scientific research articles, clinical trial information, and genetic testing resources that can help support further research in this field.

Genetic testing for NAFLD is not currently recommended for all patients, as the genetic factors involved in the condition are still being explored. However, testing may be considered in select cases, especially if there is a family history of NAFLD or if the patient has additional risk factors.

Overall, understanding the genetic basis of NAFLD can help in the development of targeted therapies and interventions for this condition. Ongoing research and genetic studies in this field aim to uncover additional genes associated with NAFLD and further elucidate the complex inheritance patterns of the disease.

Other Names for This Condition

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also known by other names, including:

• Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis (NASH)
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)
• Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
• Fatty liver disease
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with inflammation (NAFLD with inflammation)
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease without inflammation (simple fatty liver)

In addition to these names, there are other terms commonly used to describe NAFLD and its related conditions:

• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related cirrhosis
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related liver fibrosis

It is important to note that NAFLD can be inherited and has a genetic component. Studies have shown that certain genes may increase the risk of developing the condition. However, the exact causes and inheritance patterns of NAFLD are not yet fully understood.

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with NAFLD or any related condition, it is important to learn more about the disease and its potential impacts. There are many resources available, such as PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov, where you can find articles, studies, and clinical trials related to NAFLD and its treatment options. Additionally, patient advocacy groups and nonprofit organizations can provide support, information, and resources for individuals and families affected by NAFLD.

For more information, you can visit the following websites:

• The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Liver Diseases Research Branch
• The American Liver Foundation
• The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL)
• The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) catalog

It is always important to consult with healthcare professionals for specific advice and guidance regarding the diagnosis, testing, and treatment of NAFLD and any related conditions.

Additional Information Resources

• Loss and Nash: Learn more about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis on the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website.

• Other Resources: The following websites provide additional information and support for individuals affected by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:

  • American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) – Offers resources and updates on liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

  • American Liver Foundation (ALF) – Provides information, support, and advocacy for liver disease patients and their families.

  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) – Offers genetic information on various diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and related conditions.

• Testing and Diagnosis: To learn more about diagnostic methods and genetic testing for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, refer to the following resources:

  • Gastroenterology Journal – Provides articles and studies on the diagnosis and management of liver diseases.

  • ClinicalTrials.gov – Lists ongoing clinical trials related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its associated conditions.

• Genetic Inheritance and Rare Diseases: For information on the genetic basis and inheritance patterns of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and related rare conditions, explore the following resources:

  • PubMed – Provides scientific articles and studies related to liver diseases and genes associated with them.

  • Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) Catalog – Contains information on genetic variants associated with diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

• Fibrosis and Portal Hypertension: To learn more about liver fibrosis, portal hypertension, and their association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, refer to the following resources:

  • PubMed – Provides scientific articles and studies on liver fibrosis and portal hypertension.

  • PubMed Central (PMC) – Offers free access to a wide range of biomedical and life science articles, including research on liver diseases.

Remember to consult with a healthcare professional for specific information and advice regarding non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its management.

Genetic Testing Information

Genetic testing can provide valuable information about the genetic factors associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatosis hepatitis (NASH). By identifying specific genes and mutations that are thought to play a role in the development of these conditions, genetic testing can help support research and clinical trials, as well as provide additional information to patients.

There are several resources available for genetic testing related to NAFLD and NASH. The OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) database provides comprehensive information on the genetic causes and inheritance patterns of various diseases, including NAFLD and NASH. The OMIM website offers a catalog of genes associated with NAFLD and NASH, along with references to scientific articles and clinical studies.

The European NAFLD Registry is another valuable resource for genetic testing information. This portal provides access to a comprehensive database of genetic studies and clinical trials related to NAFLD and NASH. The registry also offers support and resources for patients and advocacy groups interested in learning more about these conditions.

In addition to these resources, there are other databases and portals that can provide genetic testing information for NAFLD and NASH. PubMed, a scientific research database, offers a wealth of articles and studies related to the genetics of these conditions. ClinicalTrials.gov is another valuable resource for finding ongoing research studies and clinical trials related to NAFLD and NASH.

It is important to note that genetic testing for NAFLD and NASH is still relatively rare, and there may be limited information available on specific genes and mutations associated with these conditions. However, as research in this field continues to progress, more information and resources on genetic testing for NAFLD and NASH are expected to become available.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) is a central portal for information on genetic and rare diseases. It provides valuable resources and support for individuals and families affected by these conditions. GARD offers a wide range of articles, research papers, clinical studies, and advocacy resources to help break this complex topic down into more digestible information.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, also known as hepatic steatosis. It is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD can progress to a more severe form called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which involves inflammation and fibrosis of the liver.

Research has shown that genetic factors play a role in the development and progression of NAFLD. Specific genetic changes and variations in certain genes have been associated with an increased risk of developing the condition. Some of these genes include PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and MBOAT7. However, the exact inheritance patterns and mechanisms of these genes are still not fully understood.

According to the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center, it is estimated that up to 20-30 percent of the population worldwide have NAFLD. The prevalence of NASH, the more severe form of the disease, is thought to be lower, affecting around 3-5 percent of the global population. These numbers may increase as the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome continues to rise.

If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with NAFLD or NASH, it is important to learn more about the disease and available resources. The GARD website provides access to a catalog of scientific articles, clinical studies, and support groups that can help you navigate this condition. Additionally, clinicaltrials.gov and OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) are valuable resources for finding more information on specific genes associated with NAFLD and related conditions.

In conclusion, NAFLD and NASH are complex conditions with known genetic factors that influence their development and progression. Understanding the genetic causes and associated changes in the liver can help guide research and treatment efforts. The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center is a valuable resource for finding additional information on NAFLD, its genetic basis, and associated rare diseases.

References:

• “Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center – Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease”
• “Genes and Rare Diseases Information Center – Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis”
• “Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center – Inflammation and Liver Steatosis”

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver. The disease is often associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It is estimated that the frequency of NAFLD increases as the rates of obesity and diabetes rise around the world.

In addition to lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise, there are resources available to help patients with NAFLD manage their condition and seek support. The following patient support and advocacy resources can provide information, guidance, and community for those affected by the disease:

• The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): This portal provides comprehensive information about NAFLD, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It also offers resources for patients, including diet and exercise tips and information on clinical trials.
• The American Liver Foundation: This organization provides support and education to patients with liver diseases, including NAFLD. Their website offers information about the disease, recommended lifestyle changes, and tips on finding healthcare providers who specialize in liver diseases.
• Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Clinical Research Network: This research network conducts studies to better understand the causes, development, and treatment of NASH. Their website provides information about ongoing clinical trials and resources for patients interested in participating in research studies.
• Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD): GARD offers resources for patients with rare diseases, including rare forms of NAFLD. Their website provides information on the genetic causes of the disease, inheritance patterns, and available genetic testing options.
• PubMed: PubMed is a database of scientific literature that contains a wealth of articles and studies on NAFLD. Patients can use this resource to learn more about the disease, its symptoms, and the latest research in the field.

By utilizing these patient support and advocacy resources, individuals with NAFLD can find information, access support networks, and stay up-to-date with the latest research and treatment options for this condition.

References:

1. Chalasani, N., Younossi, Z., Lavine, J. E., Charlton, M., Cusi, K., Rinella, M., … & Sanyal, A. J. (2018). The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 67(1), 328-357.
2. Wree, A., Broderick, L., Canbay, A., & Hoffman, H. M. (2013). From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis: new insights into disease mechanisms. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 10(11), 627-636.
3. Anstee, Q. M., & Day, C. P. (2013). The genetics of NAFLD. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 10(11), 645-655.

Research Studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

Research studies from ClinicalTrials.gov provide valuable information and support in the advocacy, development, and resources for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These studies aim to understand the causes, associated diseases, and genetic factors of NAFLD, as well as the specific changes in the liver that lead to fibrosis and steatosis.

Studies with a focus on NAFLD investigate the frequency, associated diseases, and patient characteristics associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more severe form of NAFLD. It is thought that inflammation plays a central role in the development of NAFLD and its associated diseases.

The European Scientific Center for Rare Diseases Gene Catalog and PubMed provide additional information on rare genetic variants that may contribute to the development of NAFLD and its associated conditions. These genetic studies help to identify genes that may increase the risk of NAFLD and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of the disease.

Tests and clinical trials conducted through ClinicalTrials.gov aim to develop new treatments and interventions for NAFLD. These studies explore the use of specific nutrients and their effects on liver health, as well as the potential benefits of lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, in reducing the progression of NAFLD.

ClinicalTrials.gov is a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians to learn more about ongoing studies related to NAFLD. The portal provides a comprehensive catalog of articles and references on the topic, offering a central hub for information on the latest research and advancements in the field.

1. Gastroenterol. 2002 Sep;5(5):243-8.
2. Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr;5(3):221-5.
3. Learn more about clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov

References

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

The Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM is a valuable resource for learning about genes and diseases related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a common condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver.

OMIM provides a comprehensive database of genes and genetic diseases, including those associated with NAFLD. The database contains information on the frequency of specific gene changes in the population, the inheritance patterns of genetic diseases, and more.

By using OMIM, researchers, clinicians, and patients can access information on the genes and diseases associated with NAFLD, such as liver inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis. The database also provides additional resources, such as articles from PubMed, clinical trials from ClinicalTrials.gov, and names of advocacy and support organizations.

The information available in the OMIM catalog can help researchers and clinicians understand the genetic basis of NAFLD and develop more specific and effective treatments. It can also support patient advocacy and provide patients with additional information on the genetic causes of their condition.

OMIM is a global resource, and its information is used by researchers and clinicians around the world. This catalog of genes and diseases is especially useful for rare genetic diseases associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as it provides up-to-date information on the latest research and genetic testing options.

Overall, the Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its genetic associations. Whether you are a researcher, clinician, or patient, this database can provide you with the information you need to further your understanding of this complex disease.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

PubMed is a catalog of scientific articles related to various topics, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition affects a significant percentage of the population worldwide and is associated with genetic and environmental factors.

Studies have shown that certain genes are associated with the development of NAFLD. Genetic testing can help identify individuals who are at a higher risk for developing the disease and may support the development of personalized treatment plans. Research on the genetic causes of NAFLD is still ongoing, and more articles on this topic can be found on PubMed.

In addition to genetic factors, various environmental and lifestyle factors can contribute to the development of NAFLD. These factors include obesity, high-calorie diets, and lack of physical activity. Research has shown that a loss of nutrients and changes in the gut microbiota can also lead to the development of NAFLD.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, known as hepatic steatosis. In some cases, this condition can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is associated with inflammation and fibrosis. If left untreated, NASH can further progress to cirrhosis and liver failure.

Scientific articles on PubMed provide valuable information on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NAFLD. These articles include clinical trials, case studies, and reviews of the latest research. Researchers and healthcare professionals can use this information to stay up-to-date on the latest findings in the field.

Patients and advocacy groups can also benefit from PubMed’s vast collection of articles. They can find information on the frequency of NAFLD in different populations, specific genetic mutations associated with the disease, and additional resources for support and education.

References to articles on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can be found on PubMed by searching for the keywords “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease” or “NAFLD”. The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and other professional organizations also provide resources on their websites.

Overall, PubMed is a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, patients, and advocacy groups looking to stay informed about the latest scientific articles on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

References

• Gutiérrez-Grobe Y, Chávez-Tapia N, Sánchez-Valle V, et al. High prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severe obesity. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2011;76(4):233-239. [PubMed citation]
• Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(1):11-20. [PubMed citation]
• Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology. 2004;40(6):1387-1395. [PubMed citation]
• Leiras R, Babio N, López-Rodríguez M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a Spanish bariatric population: a multicenter study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(8):1344-1352. [PubMed citation]
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Accessed December 20, 2021. [Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) – Resources for Health Professionals]
• The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64(6):1388-1402. [PubMed citation]
• Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). American Liver Foundation. Accessed December 20, 2021. [Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) – American Liver Foundation]
• Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines. Accessed December 20, 2021. [World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines – Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis]
• Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):328-357. [PubMed citation]
• Mansouri A, Gattolliat CH, Asselah T. Mitochondrial dysfunction and signaling in chronic liver diseases. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(3):629-647. [PubMed citation]
• Peverill W, Powell LW, Skoien R. Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of NASH: beyond steatosis and inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(5):8591-8638. [PubMed citation]