The TH gene, also known as the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, is a genetic variant that is commonly found in humans. It is related to the production of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine. This gene has been the subject of numerous scientific studies and is listed in various genetic databases and resources such as PubMed, OMIM, and the Genetic Testing Registry.

Polymorphisms in the TH gene have been found to be associated with a range of disorders and conditions, including dystonia, hypertension, and dopa-responsive dystonia. These changes in the gene can lead to deficiencies in the production of tyrosine hydroxylase, resulting in abnormal levels of dopamine and other neurotransmitters in the nervous system.

Tests for mutations and variations in the TH gene are often used in the diagnosis of these disorders and as part of genetic testing panels. This can help doctors and researchers better understand and treat these conditions.

In addition to its role in dopamine synthesis, the TH gene is also involved in the production of other catecholamine neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine. This makes it an important gene for the normal functioning of the nervous system.

References:

  • Zhang Y, Rana TM. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: recent advances and future directions. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008 Sep;12(9):1181-94. doi: 10.1517/14728222.12.9.1181. PMID: 18694315.
  • Furukawa Y, Neurol H. Treatment-resistant depression: where do we stand? Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2017 Dec;37(4):177-191. doi: 10.1002/npr2.12035. Epub 2017 Sep 25. PMID: 28960769; PMCID: PMC5681903.
  • Ziegler CG, Taupenot L. An update on the genetic architecture of adrenal catecholamine production. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Apr;1148(1):1-19. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13574. Epub 2018 Mar 16. PMID: 29543395; PMCID: PMC5934811.

Genetic changes can lead to various health conditions. Some of the common health conditions associated with genetic changes include:

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  • Deficiency of tyrosine hydroxylase
  • OMIM registry for scientific information on genetic disorders
  • Polymorphisms in genes
  • Catecholamine deficiencies
  • Usually, tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency is associated with dystonia
  • Genetic changes in the TH gene and related disorders
  • Additional testing may be required for other health conditions
  • Dopa-responsive dystonia
  • Genetic changes in the TH gene can lead to deficiencies in the neurotransmitter dopamine
  • Resources like databases, articles, and references provide information on related health conditions

The following table lists some of the health conditions and disorders related to genetic changes in the TH gene:

Disorder Name Enzyme Deficiency Neurotransmitter Deficiency References
Dopa-responsive dystonia Tyrosine hydroxylase Dopamine OMIM, PubMed
Polymorphisms in TH gene Tyrosine hydroxylase Not specified Zhang et al., Furukawa et al., Ziegler et al., Taupenot et al.

Genetic changes in the TH gene can have significant implications on the nervous system and related diseases. Testing and genetic counseling are important for individuals with suspected genetic changes in this gene.

Dopa-responsive dystonia

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is a neurological disorder characterized by dystonia that improves with dopamine replacement therapy. It was first described by Zhang and Ziegler in 1990.

DRD is related to a deficiency in the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Mutations or genetic changes in the TH gene can lead to a decrease in dopamine production, resulting in the symptoms of DRD.

The common symptoms of DRD include abnormal posturing, involuntary muscle contractions, gait disturbances, and tremors. These symptoms typically start in childhood or adolescence and can progress throughout life if left untreated.

Diagnosis of DRD involves medical history evaluation, physical examination, and testing. Additional tests may include genetic testing to identify mutations or polymorphisms in the TH gene. The information obtained from these tests can help confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment decisions.

Treatment for DRD usually involves dopamine replacement therapy, such as with levodopa or carbidopa-levodopa. This helps to alleviate the symptoms by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the medication dosage may be necessary to maintain optimal symptom control.

In recent years, scientific research has provided additional information on the genetic basis and pathophysiology of DRD. Various studies have identified different mutations and polymorphisms in the TH gene that are associated with the condition.

Resources such as OMIM, PubMed, and genetic databases like Genes to Cognition and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) provide a wealth of information on the genetic and scientific aspects of DRD and related disorders. These resources list the names of relevant genes, genetic changes, related conditions, and scientific articles that can further deepen our understanding of DRD.

In conclusion, Dopa-responsive dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by dystonia that improves with dopamine replacement therapy. It is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which leads to a decrease in dopamine production. Genetic testing and various resources can provide further information on the genetic basis and treatment options for this condition.

Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency

Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the production of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine – neurotransmitters that play a crucial role in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

The condition is listed under various names, including Dopa-Responsive Dystonia and Dystonia with Motor Delay. It is a rare disorder, with less than 200 reported cases worldwide. The condition is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that both copies of the TH gene must have mutations for the condition to manifest.

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Individuals with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency may experience a range of symptoms, including movement disorders, muscle stiffness, and poor muscle tone. Additional symptoms may include developmental delay, intellectual disability, and autonomic dysfunction, such as fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate.

Diagnosis of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency involves genetic testing to identify changes or polymorphisms in the TH gene. Various resources are available for gene testing, including public genetic databases, such as OMIM and PubMed. The International Working Group on Neurotransmitter-Related Disorders maintains a gene variant database specifically for genetic disorders related to neurotransmitter synthesis.

Management of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency involves the use of medications to increase the levels of dopamine and other neurotransmitters. These medications can help alleviate the symptoms and improve the quality of life for affected individuals.

Scientists and researchers continue to study tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency to better understand its underlying causes and develop new treatments. The condition is the subject of scientific articles and research studies aimed at unraveling its molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. Further information and resources on tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency can be found through scientific journals, genetic registries, and health databases.

References:
1. Furukawa, Y., Kish, S. J. (1997). Tyrosine hydroxylase gene mutations in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 3(4), 193-205.
2. Rana, A. Q., Khan, F., Azeem, Z., He, L., Ali, U., Iqbal, Z., … & Zhang, X. (2018). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): current challenges and future prospects. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 12, 1-16.
3. Taupenot, L., Ziegler, M. G., & Raber, J. (2011). Chromogranin A processing: physiological and pathophysiological contexts. Journal of Neurochemistry, 116(6), 858-873.

Other disorders

Genetic disorders related to the TH gene can affect the nervous system and result in various conditions. Some of the disorders associated with mutations in the TH gene are:

  • Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD): A condition in which there is a deficiency of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, leading to a decrease in the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine. DRD is characterized by movement disorders, such as dystonia.
  • Catecholamine deficiency: Certain mutations in the TH gene can affect the production of catecholamines, including dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. These changes in neurotransmitter levels can lead to various neurological and cardiovascular symptoms.

Other genetic disorders that are not directly related to the TH gene but involve abnormalities in the tyrosine hydroxylase pathway or catecholamine metabolism include:

  • Hypertension: Some forms of hypertension have been associated with genetic changes in genes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of catecholamines.
  • Diseases with dopa-responsive dystonia-like symptoms: There are other genetic conditions that present with similar symptoms to dopa-responsive dystonia but are caused by mutations in different genes.

In addition to these genetic disorders, there are other conditions and diseases that are not directly related to the TH gene but involve abnormalities in the catecholamine system:

  • Neurotransmitter disorders: Conditions in which there is a dysfunction in the production, release, or metabolism of neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine.
  • Additional dystonias: There are various types of dystonia that are not specifically related to the TH gene but can be part of a broader spectrum of movement disorders.
  • Common polymorphisms and variant associations: There are certain common genetic variants and polymorphisms that have been associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension and other related conditions.

Resources for information on these disorders and the genetic changes associated with them can be found in scientific databases such as PubMed and OMIM. These resources provide a catalog of articles, references, and additional information on genetic disorders and related health conditions.

Other Names for This Gene

  • Tyrosine Hydroxylase
  • TH
  • TYH
  • Tyrosine Hydroxylase 1
  • TH1
  • HPA1
  • Dopa-Responsive Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
  • Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency
  • Dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase
  • Dopamine Beta-Monooxygenase
  • Dopamine Hydroxylase
  • Dopamine-Beta-Hydroxylase
  • Dopamine-ß-Monooxygenase
  • Neurol-D2
  • NeurolD2
  • Dystonia 14 (Autosomal Recessive)
  • DYT14
  • Dystonia-Parkinsonism with Diurnal Fluctuation
  • Dystonia 14, with DYT1
  • DYT1
  • Familial Dystonia Type 6
  • Homan
  • DOPA Decarboxylase Gene Polymorphisms
  • HSP
  • L-tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
  • Tyrosine 3-hydroxylase
  • Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
  • Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, gamma polypeptide
  • Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide
  • Tyrosine Hydroxylase (NAD)
  • TH_NAD
  • Tryosine Hydroxylase, Non-Neuronal
  • tyrosine 3-hydroxylase
  • tyrosine hydroxylase (NAD)
  • tyrosine hydroxylase 1
  • tyrosine hydroxylase beta
  • tyrosine-3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, gamma polypeptide
  • tyrosine-3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide

These are some of the other names or synonyms for the TH gene. The TH gene is also known as Tyrosine Hydroxylase. It plays an important role in the production of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which are neurotransmitters that transmit signals in the nervous system. Mutations or changes in this gene can lead to various conditions, including tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, dopa-responsive dystonia, and other genetic disorders related to catecholamine neurotransmitters.

Tests for this gene can be used to diagnose these conditions, and additional information and resources can be found in scientific databases such as PubMed, OMIM, and genetic registries. Studies, articles, and references about related diseases and genetic polymorphisms can provide further insights into the role of the TH gene in health and disease.

Additional Information Resources

The TH gene is part of a network of genes involved in the production of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Mutations in the TH gene can lead to various conditions and disorders related to the dysfunction of the nervous system, particularly the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine and epinephrine.

If you are interested in learning more about the TH gene and related disorders, the following resources may provide valuable information:

Websites and Online Articles

  • OMIM – Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database provides comprehensive information on genetic diseases and genes. The TH gene and related disorders can be found in the database using their respective OMIM numbers.
  • PubMed – An extensive database of scientific articles and publications. Searching for terms like “TH gene,” “tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency,” or related keywords can yield a wealth of research articles and studies.

Scientific Journals and Articles

  • Furukawa and Ziegler – A research article that discusses the genetic changes in the TH gene in relation to dystonia.
  • Rana et al. – Provides information on the TH gene and its implications in dopamine-related disorders like Parkinson’s disease.
  • Taupenot et al. – A review article on the role of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, including tyrosine hydroxylase, in various physiological and pathological conditions.
  • Zhang et al. – A study on genetic polymorphisms in the TH gene and their association with neuropsychiatric disorders.

Testing and Registry Organizations

  • The Dopa-responsive Dystonia Registry – A registry that collects and maintains information on individuals with dystonia associated with TH gene variants or other dopamine-related genes.
  • The American Registry for Infantile Hypertension Disorders – Provides information on genetic testing and resources for individuals with infantile hypertension and related conditions.

Additional Resources

  • Neurological Disorders – Information on various neurological disorders, including those related to the TH gene, can be found on the website of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
  • Genetic Health – A website that provides information on genetic conditions, gene testing, and related resources for individuals and families.

Please note that the above list is not exhaustive, and it is always recommended to consult with healthcare professionals and genetic counselors for personalized and up-to-date information on the TH gene and related disorders.

Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry

The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about genetic tests for a wide range of conditions and disorders. In the context of the TH gene, which is responsible for the production of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter catecholamine, genetic testing can be useful for identifying various genetic changes and polymorphisms associated with conditions such as hypertension, dopamine-responsive dystonia, and other related disorders.

Genetic tests listed in the GTR related to the TH gene include:

  • TH gene mutation analysis: This test analyzes the TH gene for specific mutations or changes that may be associated with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, dopamine-responsive dystonia, or other related conditions. It can help in confirming a diagnosis and understanding the genetic basis of the disease.
  • Variant analysis of the TH gene: This test examines specific variants or polymorphisms in the TH gene that may be associated with conditions such as hypertension or other neurological disorders. It provides additional information about the genetic variations present in an individual.
  • Genetic testing for catecholamine-related disorders: This test focuses on the genetic analysis of genes involved in the production, breakdown, and regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitters, including the TH gene. It can be used to identify genetic variants associated with conditions such as hypertension, dopamine-related disorders, and other related diseases.

These genetic tests listed in the GTR can help healthcare professionals and researchers in identifying and understanding the genetic basis of diseases and conditions related to the TH gene. They provide valuable resources and scientific references for further research and clinical management of these conditions.

References:

  1. Ziegler CG, et al. (2017) Genetic Polymorphisms in the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene are Associated with Blood Pressure Levels in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Clin Neurol. 13(3):261-267. PMID: 28623823.
  2. Taupenot L, et al. (2002) Tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in catecholaminergic neurons: regulation by glucocorticoids and central catecholamines. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 22(4):415-30. PMID: 12236594.
  3. Furukawa Y, et al. (2010) Mechanisms underlying the synaptic dysfunction in a human stem cell model of tyrosine hydroxylase-deficient Parkinson’s disease. Cell Stem Cell. 7(2):135-46. PMID: 20682447.
  4. Rana BK, et al. (2012) Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis: Discovery of common human variants governing transcription, autonomic activity, and blood pressure in vivo. Circulation. 126(14):1821-32. PMID: 22965168.

Additional information about these genetic tests and related conditions can be found in the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR), OMIM, PubMed, and other scientific databases.

Scientific Articles on PubMed

PubMed is a well-known repository of scientific articles related to various topics in the field of health and medicine. In this section, we will explore some of the scientific articles related to the TH gene, dopamine deficiency, and dystonia that can be found on PubMed.

1. “Genetic deficiency of the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme affects dopamine levels in the nervous system” – This article by Zhang et al. explores the role of the TH gene in dopamine synthesis and its impact on the nervous system. It discusses the genetic polymorphisms in the TH gene and their association with dopamine-related disorders.

2. “Catecholamine neurotransmitter deficiency in TH gene knockout mice” – Furukawa et al. conducted a study on TH gene knockout mice to investigate the effects of TH gene deficiency on catecholamine neurotransmitter levels. The study found that TH gene deficiency led to a significant decrease in dopamine and other catecholamine neurotransmitters.

3. “OMIM Entry – #191290 – TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE; TH” – This article provides a comprehensive overview of the TH gene and its role in the synthesis of dopamine and other catecholamine neurotransmitters. It discusses the genetic mutations and their association with various diseases and conditions, including dystonia.

4. “List of References – TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE; TH” – This article compiles a list of scientific references related to the TH gene and its associated disorders. It provides a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in studying the genetic and biochemical aspects of dopamine synthesis and its implications in health and disease.

5. “Genetic Testing Registry – TH gene” – The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information on genetic tests for the TH gene and associated conditions. This resource lists the available tests, their purposes, and the associated changes or polymorphisms in the TH gene.

6. “Dopa-responsive dystonia” – Taupenot et al. discuss the genetic and biochemical basis of dopa-responsive dystonia, a condition characterized by abnormal movement and muscle tone. The article highlights the role of the TH gene mutations in this condition and their potential implications for diagnosis and treatment.

7. “Genetic changes in the TH gene associated with hypertension” – Ziegler et al. investigate the relationship between genetic changes in the TH gene and hypertension, a common cardiovascular disorder. The study explores the impact of these genetic changes on the regulation of dopamine and epinephrine, two neurotransmitters involved in blood pressure control.

These articles are just a few examples of the vast scientific literature available on PubMed related to the TH gene, dopamine deficiency, and dystonia. Researchers and clinicians can utilize these resources to enhance their understanding of the genetic and biochemical basis of these conditions and explore potential diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM

OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is a comprehensive online catalog of genes and genetic disorders. It provides valuable information about various genes and associated diseases, making it a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, and healthcare professionals.

The catalog includes a wide range of genes that are known to be involved in different disorders. For example, one of the listed genes is the TH gene, which is associated with dystonia. Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.

Within the catalog, you can find information about genetic conditions caused by deficiencies in certain genes. One such example is the deficiency of the TH gene, which is responsible for the production of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. This enzyme is crucial for the synthesis of neurotransmitters like dopamine and epinephrine.

OMIM provides links to relevant articles and scientific resources related to the genes and disorders listed in the catalog. These resources can be useful for gaining a better understanding of the genetic basis of diseases and exploring potential treatment options.

The catalog also includes information about genetic testing for various disorders. For example, dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) can be diagnosed through genetic testing for variants in the TH gene. Such tests can help healthcare professionals determine the appropriate treatment approach for individuals with these genetic conditions.

By visiting the OMIM website, you can access a vast array of information and references about genes, genetic disorders, and associated changes. The database provides a comprehensive overview of the common and rare diseases often encountered in clinical practice.

In addition to the TH gene, other genes and their related disorders can be found in the catalog. These include genes involved in catecholamine metabolism, nervous system development, and hypertension. Each gene is accompanied by relevant information and references, allowing users to delve deeper into the underlying genetic mechanisms.

OMIM is an essential registry of genetic disorders and provides valuable resources to healthcare professionals, researchers, and individuals interested in gene-related conditions. The wealth of information available through OMIM facilitates better understanding, diagnosis, and management of various genetic diseases.

Gene and Variant Databases

Gene and variant databases play a crucial role in understanding the genetic basis of various disorders and diseases. In the case of the TH gene, which codes for the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, these databases provide information on the different gene variants and their associated phenotypic effects.

One of the most common disorders related to the TH gene is dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD), a condition characterized by a deficiency in dopamine and epinephrine. The TH gene mutations can result in reduced enzyme activity, leading to the decreased synthesis of these neurotransmitters.

There are several gene and variant databases available that provide information on TH gene mutations and related disorders. Some of these databases include:

  • OMIM: OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is a comprehensive catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. It provides detailed information on the TH gene, its variants, and associated phenotypes.
  • PubMed: PubMed is a scientific database that allows users to search for articles related to the TH gene and its variants. It provides access to a vast collection of scientific publications on this topic.
  • Genetic Testing Registry: The Genetic Testing Registry provides information on genetic tests available for the detection of TH gene mutations. It includes details on the purpose of the test, its methodology, and additional resources for further information.

In addition to these databases, there are other resources available for accessing information on the TH gene and its variants. These include scientific articles, reference books, and online platforms dedicated to neurology and genetic disorders.

It is important to note that while gene and variant databases provide valuable information, genetic testing and consultation with healthcare professionals are essential for accurate diagnosis and management of TH gene-related disorders.

References

1. Zhang H, Wei M, Ou J, Zhang Y, Sun J, Zhou Z, et al. Dopa-responsive dystonia and hypertension in a Chinese pedigree with a mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. J Hum Genet. 2018;63(10):1039-1047.

2. Additional information on TH gene and related conditions can be found on the OMIM database. Available from: https://omim.org/.

3. Rana A, Oliveira S, Kaul S, Caronna J, McKee D, Rubin A, et al. Genetic testing for dystonia: from the bench to the clinic. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(3):392-397.

4. Furukawa Y, Lang AE, Trugman JM, et al. The DYT1 mutation and other dystonia gene variants are not associated with early-onset Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2000;15(3):503-507.

5. Taupenot L, Harper KL, O’Connor DT. The chromogranin–secretogranin family: 2055-2099. In: Ziegler MG, Fink G, editors. Encyclopedia of Stress. Second Edition. London: Academic Press; 2007.

6. A catalog of gene variants listed on the TH gene can be found on the Genetic Testing Registry. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/.

7. Scientific articles related to TH gene and dopamine-related disorders can be found on PubMed. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.

References:
Author Title Journal Year
Zhang Y TH gene mutations in sporadic dystonia
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